coast of North America. Leading the venture would be an experienced admiral, the marquis of Santa Cruz. The use of newly invented cannons also significantly aided the French war effort. Adrian sent a royal army to put down the revolt. Joanna retired to a castle in Tordesillas, where she mourned her deceased husband until her own death in 1555. On September 13 and 14, 1515, at Marignano (now Melegnano) near Milan, Francis won the greatest triumph in what was to be his long career as a military leader. In 1487, when he was named grand inquisitor (supreme head of the court), he set out to rid Spain of "converts" who did not actually practice Christianity. In the 1300s he had left a record of his journeys to the faraway lands of China (then called Cathay), India, and the Spice Islands. He explored the St. Lawrence Rivergateway to the Great Lakesbut his voyages never took him farther west than the site of modernday Montreal, Canada. This Empire itself arose from the incomplete fusion of the Germanic-speaking Franks with the Romance-speaking Gauls from c. 500 on. Another concern was that the noblemen of Castile supported Philip because they hoped he would rule in their favor. Meme Explained: This meme refers to the fact that by definition of Sun Tzu, a Chinese General, Strategist, Phillosopher and the author of the famous book, "the art of war", a kingdom once destroyed, cannot rise again to what it used to be. Nevertheless, the emperor was still the most powerful political figure in the Christian world. The ships did not set sail again until July. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? The Armada was doomed when a powerful storm, which the English called the "Great Protestant Wind," swept through the Channel. As the Renaissance moved north of Italy in the fifteenth century, northern and central Europe was even more fragmented. Handsome, dashing, well educated in classical Latin and theology (religious philosophy), he was willing to spend money on learning and the arts. By the time of Henry VIII's death in 1547, most of the monastic land had been sold to noblemen and members of the gentry. While Spanish forces were defeating the Ottomans, Philip was contending with the Revolt of the Netherlands, which broke out in 1566 (see "Netherlands" in Chapter 4). This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. Charles liberated thousands of Christian prisoners and soon thereafter captured the port of Tunis. answer choices. Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. Cartier's voyages never took him farther west than the site of modern-day Montreal, Canada, but his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). Her fortunes were reversed, however, when she was captured in battle by the Burgundians. John of Austria (1547-1578), the illegitimate half-brother of King Philip II of Spain, distinguished himself as a mil, The Rise of Falsafah: The Philosophical Tradition, The Rise of Biotechnology as Big Business, The Rise and Practice of Inoculation in the 1700s, The Rise and Fall of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire, The Rise of Probabilistic and Statistical Thinking, The Rise of Revolutionary Sentiment in France and Its Impact on the Theater, The Rise of Rome (3rd century bce to 2nd century ce, The Rise of the Appropriate Technology Movement, The Rise of the Phlogiston Theory of Fire. Even more ruthless than Corts was Francisco Pizzaro. This victory inaugurated the most brilliant era in Portuguese history. In the 1300s marriages between English and French nobles meant that both English and French kings had a claim to the French throne. Although it was called the King James Bible, James himself had little to. Doria was a soldier-for-hire who hailed from Genoa but, in 1527, held the post of commander of French naval forces. The prospect of having Charles someday take the thrones of both Castile and Aragon disturbed Ferdinand. A major threat to Elizabeth's security were various plots associated with Mary Stuart (15421587), queen of Scots (ruled Scotland, 154267). They had a daughter, Mary, but the king wanted a son because he did not believe Mary would be accepted as his Rise of Kingdoms is a mobile MMO real-time strategy game inspired by history. The English were weakened by their loss to the French during the Hundred Years' War. Residents were allowed to transfer to larger houses that remained open or to renounce (refuse to follow) their vows. conspiracy to assassinate Elizabeth in 1586 led to Mary's execution at Fotheringhay castle in 1587. The great humanist Thomas More served as his lord chancellor (chief secretary) in the 1530s. locations. She was beheaded, along with her husband, Guildford Dudley, in 1554. The horrified Clement, who had been locked away in a tower for his own safety, quickly joined Henry in making peace with Charles. The king also established completely new policies that would appeal to Spanish pride. Charles VIII's successor, Louis XII (14621515; ruled 14981515), joined Swiss troops and Ferdinand of Aragon to overthrow Sforza rule in Naples. William was a member of the Nassau family, who were based in the Netherlands, and he had acquired Orange through inheritance. Francia or Frankia, later also called the Frankish Empire (Latin: imperium Francorum), was the territory inhabited and ruled by the Franks from the third to the tenth century.The Frankish realm was ruled as one polity subdivided into several regna (kingdoms or subkingdoms). The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. In 1619 Protestants in Bohemia had ousted their Roman Catholic king, Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II), and replaced him with Frederick. Just as Philip was on the verge of reclaiming the northern provinces of the Netherlands, his attention was diverted by war with England. Beginning with Champlain in 1600, the French pushed their way down the Saint Lawrence River to the Great Lakes. Dias's voyage, however, did not match the 1497 journey of Vasco da Gama (c. 14601524), who went across the southernmost tip of Africa and sailed all the way across the Indian Ocean to Calicut, on the Malabar Coast of India. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. The Castilian nobility were alarmed by this development because they knew a Spanish king would limit their power. Nevertheless, his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). Charles also continued the war against France in Italy. He frequently attacked his father's ministers, including the duke of Alba, with a knife. Moriscos were also fiercely opposing the efforts of the Inquisition. Royal Family of United Kingdom. In 1553 she restored the Latin Mass and the following year she recognized the jurisdiction of the pope in England. Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. He included a note suggesting that the Samuri use the body parts to make himself a curry (an Indian dish with spices). During the Christian reconquest of Spain, the Roman Catholic Church launched the Crusades (10961291), a series of holy wars against "pagans." Her Charles's younger brother, Ferdinand, was named Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor in 1558. The Napoleonic Code of 1804 was MOST important in World History because it. Yet she also spent excessive amounts of money on the "Cult of Gloriana," staging grand pageants and spectacles to impress the English people. They used the Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. Great things take some time to shine. Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. During the next four years, however, the war with Spain went poorly for Francis. The child king was placed in the Tower of London along with his brother; those who had opposed Richard were executed. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. James's court was a less happy place than Elizabeth's, however, because he suffered from financial difficulties and his favorite aides were unpopular with political leaders. Court masques (plays in which actors wear masks), some of them written by the dramatist Ben Jonson (15721637), were based on classical myths. She was sold to the English, who then turned her over to the Inquisition, an official church court appointed to punish heretics (those who violate church laws), at the French city of Rouen. Encyclopedia.com. For example, the magnetic compass and other advances made it possible for navigators, who had previously been forced to rely on the Sun and the stars, to travel in bad weather and poor climates. He did his best to save the fleet, and the Armada sailed north. The second war of German unification was the 1866 Austro-Prussian War, which settled the question of "smaller" versus "greater" Germany. Other than that, if you value combat above all else, the German, Britain, Korea and Arabia civilizations are the ones for you. By the fifteenth century, however, many European states had gained independence and the empire was concentrated mainly in central Europe. During her long reign Renaissance ideas dominated literature. The successful siege ended a five-year Spanish offensive that conquered more than thirty rebel Dutch towns and maintained Spanish and Catholic control of the southern provinces of the Netherlands until 1714. After. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake (c. 15401596) launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. Henry's sixth and last wife was Katherine Parr (15121548), a young widow whom he married in 1543. During the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, the Tudors reigned over the English Renaissance. The Italian Wars finally ended after a seventh war, which lasted from 1547 until 1559. Francis's reign had an impressive beginning. When she refused his proposal he realized that England could never be a Catholic country. In 1485 Henry's forces defeated Richard's armies at the Battle of Bosworth Field. He took complete control of Naples by 1504. Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. Less than fifty years after Gama's discovery of the eastern route to Asia, trade between Europe and the ancient lands of the Orient was controlled by Portugal, a small kingdom that was more than a year's journey away from Asia. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. French explore inland water routes Nearly sixty years later, and farther north, Henry Hudson (died 1611), a British captain sailing for the Dutch, led his expedition in search of the Northwest Passage. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, Pre-1600: World Events: Selected Occurrences Outside North America, Politics, Law, and the Military: Chronology. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. Storm after storm seemed to come from nowhere to pound the galleons as they desperately tried to sail around the British Isles. The French returned in 1499, however, this time to take Naples and Sicily from the Sforzas. In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. Consequently, the earliest efforts at exploration by the English, Dutch, and French concentrated on lands unclaimed by either country, Also in search of the Northwest Passage was French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557). This movement, led by Hugh O'Neill (c. 15401616), earl of Tyrone, was designed to gain Irish independence from England. Revolts broke out as soon as the king left the country. In the sixteenth century, during the reign of King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V), the Spanish empire spread east from Spain to include the kingdoms of Germany, Hungary, Bohemia, Naples, and Sicily. To many Europeans at the time, this was Philip's most impressive achievement. Edward was returned to the throne. Charles's victory started a rivalry among the three young kings that was to last for the rest of their lives. Edward was a talented military leader, but his weaknesses were laziness, cruelty, and a hesitancy to call meetings of the Parliament. They did not share a collective identity or a common culture. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. By that time Germanic tribes, called the Visigoths, had carved up Spain During the Inquisition thousands of non-Christians were killed by mobs, while thousands more tried to save their own lives by converting to Christianity. The term "feudal system" is used by historians to describe a social-political structure which was a key feature of medieval Europe. But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. Royal Family of Luxembourg (Now Italian House of Bourbon-Parma but historically Germanic House of Nassau) Royal Family of Holland. At the end of the tenth century, Hugh Capet (c. 938996; ruled 98796) founded the line of French kings that ruled the country for the next eight hundred years. Cabot's exploration of Newfoundland, in 1497, yielded sparse information about the new continent's northern-most regions. He disliked having Philip, a foreign prince, on a Spanish throne. Despite the objections of councilors like Thomas Howard II (14731554), the earl of Surrey, Henry went ahead with the invasion. The Italian Wars began in 1494, when Charles was asked by the Sforzas, the family that ruled the city-state of Milan, to join them and Swiss mercenaries in seizing Florence from the Medici family (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). Elizabeth was highly educated. other religious establishments of the Roman Catholic Church were also considered fiefs. LifeAfter. Rise of Kingdoms is a game for iOS and Android with which you can enjoy the whole experience of a strategy game at your fingertips. Charles then turned toward Italy, landed in Sicily in August, and advanced with ease toward the Alps. This conflict led to overwhelming Spanish victories at Barletta, Cerignola, and Garigliano. Edmund Spenser dedicated his masterpiece, the epic poem The Faerie Queen, to Elizabeth, and dramas by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries rank among the highest achievements of the Elizabethan age. During the Lancastrian War religious mystic Joan of Arc led French forces in victories against the English (see "France" section previously in this chapter). King Louis XII granted Francis the duchy of Valois, created from the vast estates of the house of Orlans. MikeMeHigh. Claiming also that the treaty applied only to the continent of Europe, the French continued to encroach on Spanish commerce in the Atlantic Ocean. Although they appreciated his will to resist the mighty Spanish kingdom, they felt that Francis was committing heresy by allying with what Christians considered "infidel" Turks to slaughter fellow Christians. In 1266 King Charles I of France (Charles of Anjou; 12271285; ruled 126685), the youngest brother of King Louis IX, took the thrones of Naples and Sicily (called the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. By this time pandemonium had broken out in England, and Elizabeth's advisers urged her to prepare for the impending attack. For this reason the conflict is known as the War of the Roses. Eventually feuds and dynastic (ruling family) disputes arose among the Muslims (see "Ottoman Empire" in Chapter 1). ." Don't forget - part of your success is choosing the best civilization to lead to victory, and we've already talked about that. The meme disagrees with this statement and uses Israel as an example. The king was a member of the house of Lancaster, and many blamed him for the loss of the Hundred Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. Here Puritan The other European powers now had land and a certain amount of income from their colonies, but they still did not have what they wanted: the spices, sugar, and precious metals owned by Spain and Portugal. to hold diverse views about such matters as communion. Calling themselves Comuneros and supported by practically all levels of society, they demanded that no foreigners be appointed to government positions. Years' War. In 1094 Henry of Burgundy was given the county of Portugal by the king of Castile and Len for his success against the Moors. Nevertheless, he did come upon a continent that was then unknown. The Muslim conquest was economically attractive to Jews, since it opened the markets of North Africa as well as of the entire Muslim world as far away as India. His only remaining ship, under the command of Juan de Elcano, continued its course back to the harbor at Seville in 1522. Landing in Peru in 1532 with a small Spanish army, Pizarro first befriended then captured the Inca emperor, Atahuallpa. The Italian Wars were continued with renewed vigor under King Francis I (14941547; ruled 151547), who became known as a Renaissance prince during his long reign. When William Cecil died in 1598, Elizabeth snubbed Essex and awarded her highest council post to Robert Cecil. Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. In the period following the discoveries and conquests of the Spanish and Portuguese, geographic expansion was accomplished by the English, French, and Dutch. In France, the Capetians (pronounced cuh-PEE-shuns) gained control of nearly all duchies (fiefs) by staging internal wars The most famous exploits were made by Elizabethan mariners John Hawkins and Francis Drake. In the sixteenth century the Argonese cause was adopted by the Habsburgs (a royal family with branches in Austria and Spain) when Charles I, a member of the Habsburg family, became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). Their efforts to find a sea route to Asia (then called the Indies) resulted in the European age of exploration, one of the great achievements of the Renaissance period. Eventually feudalism (a term derived from the medieval Latin word feudum, meaning "fee") spread throughout Europe and served as a unifying institution for all aspects of life. Shortly after the new monarchs reached Spain in 1506, Philip suddenly died. It was waged by the successors of Francis and Charles. Yet Africa and the eastern route to the Indies were off limits because Pope Alexander VI had granted total control of these areas to Portugal (see "Spain" section previously in this chapter). The growth of the new economy posed threats to the feudal system. He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). Practicing Jews were segregated and forced to wear an identifying badge. then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. According to the terms of the agreement, the Catholic Church in France came under direct control of the French crown. Having In what became known as New Spain (present-day Mexico), Hernn Corts (14851547) led Spanish forces against the ancient Aztec empire. He had not secured all of the anchors, so some ships drifted in the water and left an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to move in and set the Armada ablaze. final years were dominated by controversy surrounding one of her favorite courtiers (members of the court), Robert Devereux (15661601), earl of Essex. Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. He believed he had left to his son, King Philip III (15781621; ruled 15981621), a nation relatively free from international difficulties. Charlemagne's Rise to Power. Philip's forces demolished the French at Saint Quentin. Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. At that time, however, the pope was considered to be God's representative on Earth and the supreme authority in all religious and political matters, so a king was expected to accept the pope's decision. Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. King John I (c. 13571433; ruled 13851433) was the founder of the powerful Aviz dynasty. Also the Christian nations of Europe had long been devoted to converting the rest of the world to Christianity. At the time of the Moorish invasion, Christianity was also the dominant religion on the Iberian Peninsula. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas between these two countries moved the line farther west, to 370 leagues (about 988 miles, or 1,590 kilometers) west of the Cape Verde Islands. Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. Find answers for Rise of Kingdoms on AppGamer.com. The Iberians were followed by the Carthaginians. He was a mem ber of the house of Lancaster, but after he married Elizabeth of York, the War of the Roses officially ended. Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France.
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