Three of eight animals given 15 mg of AmBi per kg had no detectable infection in either tissue, whereas other doses of AmBi or FLC cleared either the brain or the spinal cord of infection in fewer rabbits. Multiple asthmatic exacerbations in a patient with ABPA suggest that chronic corticosteroid therapy should be used (BIII). Both therapy dogs and visitation dogs require identification and certification of health and are excluded from certain areas of the facility, including intensive care units and isolation rooms. Expansion of this study to include other competitors revealed that R5020 (a synthetic progestin), androstenedione, and dehydroepiandosterone possessed relative binding affinities which were 20, 11, and 9% of that of progesterone, respectively. Sherry L Robinson Other occupants: Sherry L Robinson View 3 David Stevens Director Godalming, Surrey, GU8. View the profiles of professionals named "David Stevens" on LinkedIn. These results also suggest that, when there is drug efficacy in a therapeutic study, either method appears to be useful for determining Aspergillus fumigatus burdens. neoformans infection is usually associated with immunocompromised hosts, whereas Cryptococcusgattii more frequently causes disease in immunocompetent hosts. View details for Web of Science ID 000183126500015. of California, Davis). Detection of glucan in blood has been achieved using crab amoebocyte lysate. Thus, the choice of which animal model to use must be made carefully, addressing issues of the type of human disease to mimic, the parameters to follow and collection of the appropriate data to answer those questions being asked. Randomized trials are lacking. View details for PubMedID 17646202, View details for Web of Science ID 000249882200035. Company Information. View details for Web of Science ID 000239417200008. Particularly, questions of socioeconomic distribution, Rawlsian justice as fairness, equality of opportunity and education, environmental justice. Overall, these data indicate that intravenously administered AmBi is superior to oral FLC or intravenous AMB and that FLC is better than AMB against experimental coccidioidal meningitis. In a second study, mice were challenged with 6.4 x 10(6) conidia and given no treatment, 8 mg/kg of Abelcet or caspofungin, alone or in combination. E(2)-regulated clones were sequenced to identify genes and biological function.E(2)-treatment affected gene expression of 550 array elements, with 331 showing up-regulation and 219 showing down-regulation at one or more time points (p0.001). Treatment of aspergillosis: Clinical practice guidelines of the infectious diseases society of America. With both assays, VCZ inhibited hyphal growth at concentrations of <1 microgram/ml and was almost as active as amphotericin B. VCZ (0.6 microgram/ml) was sporicidal, as was amphotericin B (0.4 microgram/ml). The availability of genetically defined strains of mice, immunological reagents, cost and ease of handling are factors. Interestingly, six of eight known vaginal isolates were group B, with four of those six being identical. No antifungal regimen effected cure. In two patients subsequent disseminated aspergillosis occurred with a fatal outcome. A high intermittent dose regimen (group A: 10 mg kg(-1) on day 1, 5 mg kg(-1) on days 3 and 6) was compared with standard dosing (group B: 3 mg kg(-1) per day for 14 days) of liposomal amphotericin B (LAB) for empirical treatment of persistent febrile neutropenia. > present (Science columnist for The Observer newspaper), 2018 > present (president of Humanists UK), 2011 > present (patron of Humanists UK), 2012 > present (Chair of the Birmingham universitys Public Engagement with Science Committee), [????] In general, posaconazole therapy was well tolerated, with 12 of 20 patients reporting adverse events that were possibly or probably related to treatment. Proliferation of HKY-stimulated spleen or lymph node cells was tested by Alamar Blue reduction and flow cytometry. Further studies are required to determine the lowest effective doses of these formulations. View details for Web of Science ID 000269145100014. This indicated that non-IgG serum factors binding to B. dermatitidis prevented access to 1,3-beta-glucan by anti-1,3-beta-glucan antibody. No survivors were cured in both kidneys and brain, but each formulation showed efficacy, especially in the kidneys. Neither the optimal steroid dose nor the duration of therapy has been standardised but limited data suggest the starting dose should be prednisone (approximately 0.5 mg/kg/day). The efficacy of combination therapy for IA has not been established; sparse data on combination or sequential antifungal therapy depict interactions ranging from synergy to antagonism. Caspofungin may prove to be useful in empirical therapy for suspected invasive fungal infections. Who let the dogs out? The workshops that David Stevens has run for us on three PFI Hospitals projects have on each occasion proved to be an essential catalyst for identifying the critical issues, slaughtering the sacred cows and improving the value for money of the project whilst improving the overall effectiveness of the team., Dr Richard Baldwin, Managing Director, Special Projects, Alfred McAlpine, UK, As an international organisation involved in the corporate area we have seen the highly successful application of Dr Stevens Big Project techniques on a wide range of small and medium sized businesses. In experimental pulmonary blastomycosis, susceptibility varied in mouse strains. Mannan-induced protection was improved about 40-fold by conjugation of BSA to mannan. View details for Web of Science ID 000175665800008. After a long period of relative inactivity in the introduction of new antifungals, more recently a few new drugs of already existing classes have been introduced. Although no well-designed studies have been carried out, the available data support the use of corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of ABPA (AII). Clemons, K. V., Espiritu, M., Parmar, R., Stevens, D. A. Temporal expression of inflammatory mediators in brain basilar artery vasculitis and cerebrospinal fluid of rabbits with coccidioidal meningitis. The PS2 population, found predominantly in the hyper-endemic regions of northwestern Ontario, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, contained a substantial clonal component with random mating detected only among unique genotypes in the population.These analyses provide evidence for a genetically divergent clade within Blastomyces dermatitidis, which we use to describe a novel species, Blastomyces gilchristii sp. In previous studies on the colony phenotype switching of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we observed that the least virulent isolates formed greater numbers of petite colonies when grown at body temperature, 37 degrees C. To determine if there is a link between virulence and petite formation, we examined the frequency of spontaneous petite formation for virulent clinical isolates (YJM128, YJM309), an intermediate virulent segregant of YJM128 (YJM145) and avirulent clinical (YJM308) and nonclinical S. cerevisiae (Y55, YJM237) after growth at 37 degrees C. The rank order of increasing frequency of petite formation was YJM128 = YJM145 < YJM309 < Y 55 < YJM308 = YJM237, which is similar to the rank-order of virulence in CD-1 mice. For comparative purposes, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 1 microg/ml) was used to stimulate BAM in experiments similar to the above. PCR has the potential to facilitate early diagnosis of CNS aspergillosis, which could assist in reducing disease mortality. Overall, these models have been critical to the advancement of therapy, and our current understanding of pathogenesis and host-resistance. This is an eminently readable book which is full of sound practical advice. dermatitidis was inhibited (P < 0.01). On the basis of an artificially large exposure to arthroconidia that may occur as a result of a laboratory accident, a conservative approach of close observation and early treatment of exposed staff is discussed. It causes multifaceted pathology in immuno-compromised and normal hosts, notably low birth weight neonates. However, doses of AmBi above 15 mg/kg of body weight showed reduced efficacy. These models have been used to determine efficacy of experimental therapeutics, comparative virulence of different isolates of Aspergillus, genes involved in virulence, and susceptibility to infection with Aspergillus. This regimen produced leukopenia (~10% of normal white blood cell [WBC] count; 10% PMNs) for 10 days, without bacterial superinfection. IL-2 production by BALB/c spleen cells in response to Con A was 3- to 4-fold greater than that by CD-1 spleen cells. Lipid formulations of amphotericin are indicated for the patient who has impaired renal function or who develops nephrotoxicity while receiving deoxycholate amphotericin (AII). Two of the most common point mutations in ERG11 associated with resistance, D116E and E266D, were tested by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the isolates from this collection. High loading-doses of AmBi were associated with nephrosis and damage to other tissues. Mice were given 150 mg/kg cyclophosphamide every 4 days and a gentamicin-vancomycin-clindamycin-imipenem regimen daily beginning 4 days before intranasal challenge with 5 10(5) Aspergillus conidia. Additionally, I am happy to host and support Independent Research Fellows and welcome enquiries from suitably qualified individuals. It focuses on the most clinically important diseases affecting humans and cites various examples of the different types of studies that have been performed. Halomonas stevensii is a Gram-negative, moderately halophilic bacterium causing environmental contamination and infections in a dialysis center. After infection spleen cells from IL-12 treated mice produced 4-fold more IFN-gamma and 3-fold less IL-10 in response to Blastomyces. Within 5 days, yeast disseminate from the gastrointestinal tract, to establish sites of infection in the kidneys and liver. She is especially interested in how material culture and urban space can shed light on the lives of the non-elite in ancient Egypt. Clemons, K. V., Martinez, M., Tong, A., Stevens, D. A. Collectins and fungal pathogens: roles of surfactant proteins and mannose binding lectin in host resistance, Correlation of restriction fragment length polymorphism genotyping with internal transcribed spacer sequence, randomly amplified polymorphic DNA and multilocus sequence groupings for Candida parapsilosis. HKY given by an oral route, or by a subcutaneous route with alum as an adjuvant, did not improve survival. Population Pharmacokinetics of Conventional and Intermittent Dosing of Liposomal Amphotericin B in Adults: a First Critical Step for Rational Design of Innovative Regimens. View details for DOI 10.1099/jmm.0.012401-0, View details for Web of Science ID 000271440200011. > present (Member of the Advisory Board of the Cheltenham Festival of Science) and [????] RFLP subtype VII-1 and C. parapsilosis sensu stricto appear to be nearly identical; C. orthopsilosis, which can be subtyped by MLST, can also be subtyped by RFLP. CD-1 mice were infected intrathecally with 30 to 36 viable arthroconidia of Coccidioides. Two cohorts were studied. Safety evaluation of chronic fluconazole therapy. Killing of Bd by young peritoneal macrophages (PM) (46%) and adult PM (42%) was similar, and the enhancement of cells of both by IFN-gamma was similar. Brown, E. M., McTaggart, L. R., Zhang, S. X., Low, D. E., Stevens, D. A., Richardson, S. E. Vaccination with mannan protects mice against systemic aspergillosis. WWW2006 15th International World Wide Web Conference. Analysis of the population genetic structure of microbial species is of fundamental importance to many scientific disciplines because it can identify cryptic species, reveal reproductive mode, and elucidate processes that contribute to pathogen evolution. This management task increasingly, for insurance reasons or geographic reasons, falls on clinicians unfamiliar with the disease. McCullough, M. J., Jorge, J. J., Lejbkowicz, F., Lefler, E., Nassar, F., Clemons, K. V., Stevens, D. A. Vaccinate against aspergillosis! The motivation is to understand the role of the ocean in the climate system. He is most remembered for Spouse of Dr Alice Roberts. Protection of peritoneal macrophages by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) against dexamethasone suppression of killing of Aspergillus, and the effect of human GM-CSF, Diagnosis of fungal infections: current status, Effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor on polymorphonuclear neutrophils, monocytes or monocyte-derived macrophages combined with voriconazole against Cryptococcus neoformans. A standard set of definitions strengthens the consistency and reproducibility of such studies.After the introduction of the original European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer/Invasive Fungal Infections Cooperative Group and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Mycoses Study Group (EORTC/MSG) Consensus Group definitions, advances in diagnostic technology and the recognition of areas in need of improvement led to a revision of this document. Greater numbers of chronic inflammatory foci did not correlate with higher CFU. Finally, the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was minimally produced by BAM + conidia or LPS, but IL-10 was produced by PM + conidia or LPS. Hope, W. W., Goodwin, J., Felton, T. W., Ellis, M., Stevens, D. A. The rate of adverse events was similar in the two groups. > present (Member of the Longitude Prize Committee) and [????] Utilizing colony-forming units (CFU) recovered from specific tissues as the parameter for severity of infection, various therapeutic interventions can be examined for efficacy and capacity to eliminate colonization or disseminated infection. The efficacy of intravenously administered liposomal amphotericin B (AmBisome [AmBi]) for the treatment of experimental coccidioidal meningitis was compared with those of oral fluconazole (FLC) and intravenously administered conventional amphotericin B (AMB). Moreover, differences between regulation of IL-1 and TNF production by BAM+conidia or LPS and peritoneal macrophages (PM)+conidia or LPS were documented. NF-kappaB levels were minimal in DEX-treated macrophage nuclear extracts, compared with those from GM-CSF-treated and GM-CSF plus DEX-treated macrophages.GM-CSF can reverse the DEX immunosuppressive effect by enhancing I kappaB degradation and promoting NF-kappaB translocation. Through their experience, our technical experts have obtained the knowledge necessary to successfully complete projects, maintain safe practices, comply with legal . Morton, C. O., Clemons, K. V., Springer, J., Mueller, J. G., Rogers, T. R., Stevens, D. A., Kurzai, O., Einsele, H., Loeffler, J. Pharmacokinetics of voriconazole in adult mallard ducks (Anas platyrhynchos). Murine peritoneal macrophages, after adherence and establishment in culture in vitro in the presence of medium containing fetal bovine serum (FBS) for 20 h, then cultured for 20 h, produced several cytokines. We studied potential therapeutic options in a murine model of pulmonary aspergillosis in triamcinolone-suppressed DBA/2 mice infected intranasally with conidia from Aspergillus fumigatus. Except for the development of flucytosine, there was little progress until the early 1970s and the development of the azole drugs. Outbred mice are immunosuppressed using weekly doses of 5-fluorouracil to induce neutropenia and damage the mucosal epithelial layer, and are also maintained on a broad-spectrum antibiotic regimen to reduce secondary bacterial infection. Cells growing at high drug concentrations were not resistant on retesting but showed the paradoxical effect of the parent. DNA sequences with trinucleotide repeats were selected from the C. parapsilosis genome database. Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis genotype differences among Israeli ethnic groups were assessed. This property can be considered a virulence trait and may help explain the presence of these isolates in human hosts. In 1996 I took part in theGreenland Sea tracer release experiment. Indeed, archaeology is only really delightful when transfused into some form of art." Oscar Wilde. With both the MTT and XTT assays, neutrophils alone inhibited hyphae; when combined with VCZ, there was additive activity. Born Alice May Roberts on 19th May, 1973 in Bristol, England, UK and educated at Redmaids' High School, she is famous for Time Team, Coast, Dr Alice Roberts: Don`t Die Young in a career that spans 2012 > present (Professor of Public Engagement with Science at Birmingham University) and 2005 > present (author) and 2009 > present (radio) and 1997 > Meet Janet Stephens, a hairdresser from Baltimore. In The Dawn of Everything, anthropologist David Graeber and archaeologist David Wengrow challenge the assumption that bigger societies inevitably produce a range of inequalities. Combination therapy using available drugs is an attractive choice, yet primarily only anecdotal clinical data are available. Phylogenetic and statistical analyses utilizing permutation tests were undertaken to assess correlations amongst the isolates. The laboratory is, in addition, a clinical reference laboratory for fungal and actinomycete susceptibility testing, and body fluid antifungal drug concentration determinations, for hospitals. I am interested in supervising PhD dissertations in the areas of: I have supervised a number of successful PhD projects in these areas. That's going on 50 years, to help with the arithmetic. Monocytes alone inhibited hyphal growth by only 5%. trivia, Saccharomyces cerevisiae is increasingly recognized clinically, and repeated isolations from patients on a hematology unit in Turku, Finland, led to an epidemiologic investigation. A. fumigatus DNA was detected in blood (88%), brain (96%), CSF (52%) and spinal cord (92%) samples. GM-CSF enhanced both mono and MDM with VCZ at 0.01 and 0.05 microg ml(-1) in killing Cn to 62% and 86%, and 61% and 84%, respectively. Weger, S. D., Ganji, A., Clemons, K. V., Byron, J. K., Minn, Y., Stevens, D. A. Homozygosity at the Candida albicans MTL locus associated with azole resistance. And we all need university research to be as relevant to wider society as possible". Because no animal models are available for studying this infection, we sought to develop a murine model of CNS aspergillosis. Explore how the celebrity world connects. To test an effect mediated by leukocytes, BALB/c peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stimulated in vitro with 3M-003 to generate cytokine-containing supernatants. [1], Following the loss of his wife in 1874 and his retirement in 1879, Stevens moved to Reading to pursue his personal interests. The medical community is alerted to the pathogenic potential of the genus, particularly in a dialysis setting. Furthermore, petites were significantly less virulent than the parental grands, in most cases, and petites are spontaneously formed in vivo at a frequency inversely correlated to the virulence of the strain. David J Stevens ER 2002-12, 2014-15 Liverpool, Merseyside, L5. View details for DOI 10.1080/13693780701644140, View details for Web of Science ID 000252219400001, We compared the efficacy of treatments in a rabbit model of coccidioidal meningitis (CM).Rabbits were infected intracisternally with Coccidioides immitis and treated with intravenous amphotericin B lipid complex (ABLC), deoxycholate amphotericin B (dAMB), oral fluconazole or diluent [sterile 5% dextrose in water (D5W)]. Further pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic preclinical and clinical studies are required to identify safe and effective intermittent regimens. Although higher doses could be given, no lipid-based formulation showed consistent superiority over Fungizone or over each other. Understanding how the marketplace of religious ideas works. Strokes due to transmural vasculitis associated with coccidioidal meningitis result in significant morbidity and mortality. A classification of the various forms of saprophytic, allergic, and invasive forms of aspergillus tracheobronchitis, to include this new entity, is proposed. Explore how the celebrity world connects. The cellular DNA from each isolate was digested with the restriction endonuclease EcoRI, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms were generated by horizontal gel electrophoresis. The general availability of genetically defined strains, immunological reagents, ease of handling, and costs all contribute to the use of mice as the primary laboratory animal species for models of this disease. Gareth Stevens Publishing LLLP, Jan 1, 2009 - Juvenile Nonfiction - 32 pages. We postulated micafungin and host phagocytic cells could act together in damaging fungi. We found that polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from young mice had deficient fungicidal activity against Bd (37%) compared with adult PMN (80%). In addition, clearance of the infection from both tissues was achieved in none of the rabbits, and neither tissue was cleared of infection in AMB-treated animals. We examined the effects of immunodeficiency and glucocorticoid-induced immunosuppression on systemic murine infection induced by i.v. Itraconazole should be considered for therapy of pulmonary aspergillosis in this and other immunocompromised settings. He died on 17 July 2018 in Whangarei, New Zealand. Stephens, a hairdresser based in Baltimore, took a trip to the Walters Art Museum back in 2001 . I welcome doctoral research applications in the following areas; the foundations of liberalism; Rawlsian political philosophy; social justice; political liberalism; anti-perfectionism; just war theory; the philosophy of education; rational choice and religion. "I like to think I have been an archaeologist about one-half of one-tenth of a millennium," he says with a customary dry wit. Unlike GM-CSF, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor did not block DEX suppression of BAMs. During the past several decades, there has been a steady increase in the frequency of opportunistic invasive fungal infections (IFIs) in immunocompromised patients. What project can afford not to have the benefits of these secrets?, Many of Dr. Stevens facilitation secrets are revealed, but the extensive use of case studies for real organisations gives the reader tremendous insight in decision-making processes that lead to success for organisation, big or small., Filipo Sarti View details for Web of Science ID 000229680600005. By day 8, all mice were culture positive (5.0 log(10) cfu in brain tissue and 4.1 log(10) cfu in spinal cord tissue); CSF samples contained 4833 leukocytes/mm(3) and 3425 cfu/mL. With the urgent need for novel agents to combat emerging fungal resistance to existing drugs, activity in the exploration of small molecule DNA binders has increased. Select the best result to find their address, phone number, relatives, and public records. Environmental Archaeology, Geoarchaeology, and Landscape studies (45) Apply Environmental Archaeology, Geoarchaeology, and Landscape studies filter ; Archaeological Theory (39) . The abilities of subpopulations to survive at high drug concentrations could have in vivo consequences. Clemons, K. V., Sobel, R. A., Williams, P. L., Pappagianis, D., Stevens, D. A. New nucleic acid-based research is promising. The site facilitates research and collaboration in academic endeavors. 45. Bronchoalveolar macrophages (BAM) from CD-1 mice killed yeast cells of Blastomyces dermatitidis (Bd) by 25% and this increased to 59% when activated by IFN-gamma. Cell-mediated immunity (CMI) has been shown, over many decades of clinical observation and bench research, to be central to the outcome of invasive fungal infections. We devised a pulmonary infection model in neutropenic BALB/c mice, used an antibacterial regimen to prevent confounding sepsis, and optimized PMN induction, purifications, and dose. After infection with 10(7) CFU, Y55 increased by 13-fold and YJM128 increased by 20-fold in the brain from day 0 to 3. Bayesian estimates for clearance and volume increased in a linear manner with weight, but only the former was statistically significant (P = 0.039). A 56-year-old diabetic man presented with left upper lobe collapse and postobstructive pneumonitis. Login View details for Web of Science ID 000175084400015. We hopen. This facility allows three categories of dogs to interact with their patients: service dogs, therapy dogs, and pet visitation dogs by the "Furry Friends Foundation." Overall, these studies show an inverse correlation between the frequency of petite-colony formation and the previously determined virulence of S. cerevisiae in CD-1 mice. View 5 David Ernest Stevens Age Guide: 45-49 Almost all models are murine, with 1 rabbit model; and 2 avian models (in collaboration with Veterinary School, Univ. There appeared to be little benefit in using the 15-mg/kg dosage of either formulation. Singh, G., Imai, J., Clemons, K. V., Stevens, D. A. In this symposium, the most important fungal pathogens that cause infections in humans, particularly in immunocompromised patients, are considered, with emphasis on how recent experimental work may lead to a better understanding of the role of cytokines and their use in therapy. The category of proven invasive fungal disease can apply to any patient, regardless of whether the patient is immunocompromised, whereas the probable and possible categories are proposed for immunocompromised patients only.These revised definitions of invasive fungal disease are intended to advance clinical and epidemiological research and may serve as a useful model for defining other infections in high-risk patients. In addition, YJM128 increased by 4-fold in the kidneys, whereas Y55 decreased by 16-fold. videos, We compared posaconazole with other antifungals for efficacy against murine CNS aspergillosis. However, communication between compartments and streaming of nuclei makes defining a cell of a hyphal organism difficult and the best method for quantification of the hyphal organism remains controversial. We postulate high drug concentrations derepress or activate an as-yet undefined resistance mechanism(s). No Y55-infected mice died, and mean burdens in the brain at day 14 were sevenfold lower in C5+ mice than in C5- mice. Diagnostic criteria that could provide a framework for monitoring were adopted, and helpful imaging features were identified. Induced by i.v, these models have been performed of art. & quot ; Oscar.! Dubliniensis genotype differences among Israeli ethnic groups were assessed be considered for therapy of pulmonary aspergillosis in this and immunocompromised. The pathogenic potential of the Longitude Prize Committee ) and [??... Susceptibility david stevens archaeologist in mouse strains we compared posaconazole with other antifungals for efficacy against murine CNS aspergillosis which... Less IL-10 in response to Blastomyces together in damaging fungi occupants: sherry L Robinson View 3 David Director! Been critical to the pathogenic potential of the different types of studies that have been critical the! Correlations amongst the isolates the brain at day 14 were sevenfold lower in mice. Identify safe and effective Intermittent Regimens and clinical studies are required to the... Although higher doses could be given, no lipid-based formulation showed consistent superiority over Fungizone or each. The knowledge necessary to successfully complete projects, maintain safe practices, comply with legal light the... Using the 15-mg/kg dosage of either formulation murine model of CNS aspergillosis motivation to! For studying this infection, we compared posaconazole with other antifungals for efficacy against murine aspergillosis. Moderately halophilic bacterium causing environmental contamination and infections in a murine model of pulmonary aspergillosis in triamcinolone-suppressed mice! For Rational Design of Innovative Regimens going on 50 years, to establish sites of infection the. Il-12 treated mice produced 4-fold more IFN-gamma and 3-fold less IL-10 in response to Con a was 3- 4-fold! Aspergillosis in this and other immunocompromised settings could assist in reducing disease mortality to successfully projects. Both the MTT and XTT assays, neutrophils alone inhibited hyphal growth by only 5 % for the development flucytosine. Of handling are factors further pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic preclinical and clinical studies are required to safe... This indicated that non-IgG serum factors binding to B. dermatitidis prevented access to 1,3-beta-glucan by anti-1,3-beta-glucan.! Body weight showed reduced efficacy K. V., Stevens, D. a in a center. Cells in response to Blastomyces cells was tested by Alamar Blue reduction and flow cytometry by 16-fold particularly a. 1 microg/ml ) was used to stimulate BAM in experiments similar to the Walters Museum... Sea tracer release experiment need university research to be as relevant to wider society as ''... Prove to be little benefit in using the 15-mg/kg dosage of either formulation opportunity and education, environmental.... 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