In 1512, Parliament, with Henrys assent, restored to her some of the lands that had been held by Henry VII for her brother while he was imprisoned, and then had been confiscated when he was executed. More importantly, he developed a personal relationship with Henry VIII, and because known as the kings intellectual courtier. When Henry gave the nod for the execution to take place, no one was give. Reginald studied in Italy in 1521 through 1526, financed in part by Henry VIII, then returned and was offered by Henry the choice of several high offices in the church if he would support Henrys divorce from Catherine. Then, her prayers completed, she faced the incompetent axeman. Mores beginnings, however, hardly predicted his spectacular career. She was pregnant at the time of her bereavement, and soon she would join the entourage of the Spanish bride. Jan 2016 - Mar 20226 years 3 months. Fortunately for the old cardinal, he died before the king could kill him. We do not know. They had 1 son & 3 daughters: [1] Sir Thomas. Shortly thereafter, (probably in November 1487) Henry VII gave Margaret in marriage to his cousin, Sir Richard Pole, whose mother was a half-sister of the king's mother, Margaret Beaufort. It seems Margaret was questioned about her contacts with Barton, but she came to no harm as a result and, unlike Gertrude, she escaped without grovelling. Edward IV died in 1483 when Margaret was ten. He was even more aware than the king of Mores popular appeal; and this was to Mores detriment for it meant that his refusal to publicly support the king was not something that could be forgiven or forgotten. Biography of Anne Neville, Wife and Queen of Richard III of England, Biography of Elizabeth Woodville, Queen of England, Biography of Margaret of Anjou, Henry VI's Queen, Famous Mothers in History: Ancient Through Modern, M.Div., Meadville/Lombard Theological School, Father: George, Duke of Clarence, brother of king Edward IV and of Richard, Duke of Gloucester (later Richard III), Note: Cecily Neville, Margarets paternal grandmother, was a paternal aunt of Margarets maternal grandfather, Richard Neville. An Exclusive First Look at Laura Carmichael as Maggie Pole in the Series Finale of The Spanish Princess Watch as she confronts Sir Thomas More. After her husband's death, Margaret acted as regent for her son James V, from 1513-1515. It was unlawful before man and God and thus void. Mores only communication with Barton had been to warn her against meddling in affairs of state. But not before Lina imparted . Yesterday we travailed with the Lady of Salisbury all day before and after noon, till almost night. Sometimes the questioners were mild, sometimes roughly spoken, traitoring her and her sons to the ninth degree yet will she nothing utter. Margaret continued not uttering, or uttering no proof of treason. Managed projects by translating human insights into actionable guidance for skilled teams. Margaret Pole. In 1886, 10 years after . [6] . But that was years in the future. In 1485, he was defeated and killed at the Battle of Bosworth by Henry Tudor, who succeeded him as Henry VII. Chapuys wrote two weeks after the execution that one hundred and fifty witnesses were present for the execution, including the Lord Mayor of London. His lands and titles were thereby forfeited. But Reginald stayed in Italy through the reign of Anne Boleyn supposedly preparing a learned statement on the kings case. He was Dean of Exeter and Wimborne Minster, Dorset, as well as a canon of York. He had a true gift for friendship and inspired deep loyalty amongst his family and friends. Henry VIII married Catherine of Aragon in 1509 and Margaret was again appointed as one of her ladies-in-waiting. In 1886, Margaret would be beatified by Pope Leo XIII as a martyr to Henrys regime. He married Anne Cheney, daughter of Nicholas Cheney. He moved into the Carthusian monastery adjoining Lincolns Inn and participated in the monks way of life as much as he could, while still pursuing his legal career. 83 ratings9 reviews. And More was more convinced than ever that he needed to leave royal service. It was during this trip that he began to write Utopia, his most famous work. Was she, at this point or that, doing nothing of interest at all or was she doing everything, in a way that was almost supernaturally discreet? But his older brother perished and the younger brother was crowned at 18 years old, and quickly wed his brothers widow. The new memorial that has been erected in front of the Chapel of St. Peter ad Vincula on Tower Green marks the spot 'identified' in the Victorian period as being the . Thomas Cromwell producerade en tunika av typen 'Five Wounds of Christ', som pstods vara en symbol fr nskan att placera . And while this reasoning worked to replenish the royal treasury for Henry VII, it also provided the second Tudor king with a chance to curry popular favor when he in one of his first acts as Henry VIII imprisoned and later executed Edmund Dudley and Richard Empson, who were Mortons (and his fathers) tax collectors. Under the reign of Henry VIII on May 27th 1541, at the age of 67, Margaret Pole Countess of Salisbury was executed for treason. He was no fool; he noted Wolseys great and increasingly ostentatious wealth. Art and science The German artist Hans Holbein the Younger paints King Henry VIII. It was sumptuously furnished and built of brick a modern material but moated, crenellated, archaic in form. Henry VII had Edward executed, leaving Margaret as the sole survivor of George of Clarence. Margaret Pole was one of only two women in the 16th century to hold a peerage in her own right. She was, Pierce says, intelligent, unquestionably virtuous, traditionally pious, and possessed an easy familiarity with the convoluted etiquette of a royal court. If, however, the subject lives a life of great extravagance, tell him he, too, can afford to give largely, the proof of his opulence being evident in his expenditure.. The bridegroom Arthur was dead within months. Pole and his hagiographers gave several later accounts of Pole's activities after Henry met Anne Boleyn. It was granted, and the wealthy widow became stepmother to his four children, and More stepfather to her daughter and son. More was thus in his early thirties, successful, happily married, when the tax collectors Dudley and Empson were beheaded on Tower Hill at the command of the new king, Henry VIII. It is painted on a dateable oak panel, and the dates suit the presumed subject, but the artist is anonymous. Stoke was a decisive victory. at, Edmund Mortimer, Earl of March (conflation of, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 21:21. letters@lrb.co.uk Her brothers royal blood, however, remained a danger. She was attended by servants and received an extensive grant of clothing in March 1541. They were preventing her marriage to the king. Margaret Poles house had been searched in the efforts to find evidence to back of the attainders of those executed. But not your principles. Jone Johnson Lewis is a women's history writer who has been involved with the women's movement since the late 1960s. * Walter Stafford (about 1539-after 1571 . As Countess of Salisbury, Margaret managed her lands well and by 1538 she was the fifth richest peer in England. Pope Leo XIII beatified her as a martyr for the Roman Catholic Church on 29 December 1886. But the kings horoscope was looking nasty and, according to a Spanish commentator, he aged twenty years in two weeks. It mattered to London shopkeepers, and to great churchmen. On 14 November 1538, Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury, was arrested. On 1 July 1535, he was indicted on high treason. There are panel paintings of Pole in the following churches: There are stained glass windows of Pole in the following churches: On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. I don't think Henry had quite the chummy relationship with Sir Thomas More that was depicted in "The Tudors" or even in "A Man for All Seasons." The story goes that when More was executed, Henry rose scowling from a game of cards with Anne Boleyn and barked at her "You are the cause of his death!" He answered their queries as best he could, assuring them of his loyalty to king and state and stressing the matter of his personal conscience. A Yorkist pretender had been crowned in Dublin, a child who claimed to be the Plantagenet heir, Edward, Earl of Warwick, Margarets 12-year-old brother. That was what really cost her head in the end, but we wanted to . In theory, after she married, a womans personal property and real estate were at her husbands disposal. As a boy, More spent some time in the household of John Morton, Archbishop of Canterbury. When Reginald was seven, and Margaret a widow with an uncertain future, she sent him to be educated at Sheen with the monks of the Charterhouse. She was cousin to Henry VIII's mother, and well trusted by the king for years. . Richard Pole was appointed to the household of Arthur, eldest son of Henry VII and Prince of Wales, heir apparent. It was then discovered that More had written to John Fisher, the bishop of Rochester, who was also imprisoned in the Tower for not taking the oath. Margaret was looked after well in the Tower, with Henry VIII paying for her food, clothing and a woman to attend her. On 18 February 1478, aged 28, George, Duke of Clarence, brother to the King of England, was executed. Her husbands career flourished. [4] After her husband's death, Margaret had such inadequate means to support herself and her children that she was forced to live at Syon Abbey as the guest of the Bridgettine nuns. He had long felt a calling to the priesthood. And More determined that their daughters would receive the same education as their son. Birth City: London, England. Reginald replied to books Henry sent him with his own pamphlet, pro ecclesiasticae unitatis defensione, or de unitate, which denied Henry's position on the marriage of a brother's wife and denied royal supremacy. Princess Mary But in 1520 Margaret was clearly in favor with the King and Queen when she was appointed governess of the Princess Mary. The resulting trial was mere show; despite his impassioned and brilliant defense, no one ever expected More to be found anything other than guilty. Montagu, Exeter, and Margaret were arrested in November 1538. Her father was the younger brother of Edward IV and Richard III. Reginald also urged the princes of Europe to depose Henry immediately. Margaret's destiny, as an heiress to the Plantagenets, is not for a life in the shadows. She was sentenced to death, to be executed at the king's will. He handled his responsibilities with his usual skill, but it was a balancing act, and an increasingly dangerous one. Margaret reminded Reginald what they all owed to the Tudors, and urged him to give up his enterprise, to take another way and serve the king: his renegade actions, she said, had plunged her into grief and fear, and trust me, Reginald, there never went the death of thy father or of any child so nigh my heart. Thomas Cromwell, who spied efficiently on the whole family, tried to have Reginald abducted or assassinated. The nun sought out eminent supporters, especially those who, like Margaret and like Gertrudes husband, had a claim to the throne, and pressed on them the contents of her visions: unless he went back to his wife and to Rome, Henry would expire in torments. But Lord Montagu attended Annes coronation as he would later attend her trial. More essentially argued that communal life is the only way to end the ill effects of self-interest on politics. He collected books and rare objects, but he gave away his possessions freely as well. The chronology defeated observers, as if her life stretched back into a fabulous era when dragons roamed. Margaret Pole was George Duke of Clarence daughter. His position at court meant that he was to be the kings advocate before parliament. His naivety meant that, when threats to the regime mounted, he was easily entrapped. In May 1515, More was sent to Bruges as part of a delegation arranged by Wolsey to revise an Anglo-Flemish commercial treaty. It was More who coined the term, a pun on the Greek words for no place and good place. Mores adolescent years were spent under the reign of Henry VII, the first Tudor king. 28 Little Russell Street Link will appear as Hanson, Marilee. Henry VIII was a Catholic ruler, and enjoyed friendly relations with the papacy until he sought to divorce Katharine. They married less than a month after Jane Colts death and More had to seek special dispensation from the church. When historical novelists are looking for ways to empower their heroines they opt for making them hotshot herbalists or minxy witches. In 1499, Margarets brother Edward apparently tried to escape from the Tower of London to take part in the plot of Perkin Warbeck who claimed to be their cousin, Richard, one of the sons of Edward IV who had been taken to the Tower of London under Richard III and whose fate was not clear. 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[3], Margaret was born at Farleigh Castle in Somerset, the only surviving daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence, and his wife Isabel Neville, who was the elder daughter of Richard Neville, 16th Earl of Warwick, and his wife Anne Beauchamp, 16th Countess of Warwick. Episode 081 of the Renaissance English History Podcast is an interview with Melita Thomas on Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury. It was also due to Henrys deep and unfeigned friendship with More. But time and impatience had made him emphatic in his righteousness. Annes personal religious feeling was unimportant. Put a different hood on her, and she could be a man one of her own Plantagenet relations. In the spring of 1536 the Boleyn family were destroyed, and the Pole family and other English grandees grouped themselves about the incoming queen, Jane Seymour. [11], In 1531, Reginald Pole warned of the dangers of the Boleyn marriage. It proved to be another happy marriage, though Mores friends remarked upon Alices sharp tongue and occasionally brusque ways. Her thoughts, her motives, are so hidden, either by her inclination or by the work of time, that it is difficult for the most diligent biographer to put her together and make her walk and talk. When Henry imposed an oath which recognised him as head of the church in England, the countess and her household complied. She was no longer, though, the sort of influence Henry wished for his daughter. Henry Courtenay och Margaret Pole och fngslades i Towern. Utopia is a complex and witty work which describes a city-state ruled entirely by reason. Elizabeth Throckmorton. Margaret remained in the Tower of London for more than two years. Among his guests, in fact, was the king himself. Yet even as his legal future seemed assured, More was deeply conflicted about his future. Joan, wife of Roger Swillington. Known for:Her family connections to wealth and power, which at some times of her life meant she wielded wealth and power, and at other times meant she was subject to great risks during great controversies. Her maternal grandfather was killed fighting against her uncle, Edward IV, at the Battle of Barnet. The accounts differ slightly; Marillac's report, dispatched two days afterwards, recorded that the execution took place in a corner of the Tower with so few people present that, in the evening, news of her execution was doubted. She lived one of the more turbulent lives of the 16th century, starting off as the niece of the King, and ending up nearly 70 years later penniless in the Tower, executed by an inexperienced executioner. Most governments with a sense of self-preservation would have regarded the family with justified wariness, and likely acted against them sooner. The work was a marvel of learning and wit and wholly original; it was soon translated throughout the Continent and its author hailed as one of the foremost Humanist thinkers. Margaret Plantagenet, the daughter of George Plantagenet, Duke of Clarence and of his wife, Isabel Neville, was born on 14th August 1473 at Farleigh Castle, near Bath. His eldest daughter Margaret married the lawyer William Roper in 1521, and More continued his practice of prayer and supervision of learning at his home. Ursula Pole, Baroness Stafford the daughter of Margaret Pole, 8th Countess of Salisbury and Sir Richard Pole. See me safe up, he told the lieutenant who escorted him, and for my coming down let me shift for myself.. There is an apocryphal story that Morton predicted his bright and lively page would grow into a marvelous man. geralmente . This was on 16 May 1532, the date on which the archdiocese of Canterbury, as head of the English clergy, sent a document to Henry VIII in which is promised to never legislate or even convene without royal assent, thus making the king a lay person head of the spiritual order in England. "Margaret Pole, Tudor Matriarch and Martyr." The reasons were various, but the most important was Katharines position as aunt to the Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V. Charles would not let his aunt be cast aside (he was also considering the dynastic appeal of her daughter with Henry), and he pressured the pope to deny Henrys petition. The countess was to look after the little girls health and diet, ensure that she did not wear herself out in learning French and Latin, and see that her immediate environment was kept spotless, so that everything about her be pure, sweet, clean and wholesome, as to so great a princess doth appertain. [2] As one of the few members of the House of Plantagenet to have survived the Wars of the Roses, she was executed in 1541 at the command of King Henry VIII, the second monarch of the House of Tudor, who was the son of her first cousin, Elizabeth of York. In Utopia, he identified himself as a citizen of London, and it was in London that he was born on 7 February 1477, the only surviving son of John More and his first wife, Agnes Graunger. Edward was then brought out and displayed briefly to the public. And the king was not pleased with the young lawyer; he promptly imprisoned Mores father in the Tower until he paid a substantial fine. The axe hit her shoulder instead of her neck, and she escaped the guards and ran around screaming as the executioner chased her with the axe. His personal life remained placid and content. The supposed discovery, six months after her house and effects were searched at her arrest, is likely to have been a fabrication. Through her website she keeps lively links with readers and writers. But eventually the break between the king and his chief minister could not be ignored. Nothing worked. There, she was surrounded by connections of the Boleyn queen. The popular image is of a man principled, steadfast, courageous who placed his own conscience above his kings demands. Please change your browser settings to allow Javascript content to run. She managed her lands quite well, and became one of the five or six wealthiest peers in England. Reginald Pole supported Henry VIII in 1529 trying to win support among theologians in Paris for Henrys divorce from Catherine of Aragon. It should be noted that Mores affinity for the monastic life never left him, despite his later marriages, family, and career. But it is difficult to detect in her conduct the heroic virtues assumed by Rome, and easier to see self-protective caution at work. In 1512, an Act of Parliament restored to Margaret the Earldom of Salisbury and some of her brother's land which had belonged to it, for which she paid 5000 marks (2666.13s.4d), equivalent to 2,164,602 in 2021. Lady Fitzwilliam would not stay in the house alone with the countess, and the Lord Admiral soon requested Cromwell to take his guest away, sending his complaints with a few Shelsea cockles for the ministers table: I beg you to rid me of her company, for she is both chargeable and troubles my mind. When Margaret was attainted in May 1539, Cromwell displayed a mute witness against her, a coat-armour found among her effects, painted with the royal arms and the emblems of the family, pansies for Pole, and marigolds for my Lady Mary, as one witness explained: Pole intended to have married my lady Mary, and betwixt them both should again arise the old doctrine of Christ.. The king financed Richards funeral. She certainly didn't bow to any pressure later in her life to give up her son. Because the main executioner[17] had been sent north to deal with rebels, the execution was performed by "a wretched and blundering youth who literally hacked her head and shoulders to pieces in the most pitiful manner". With Margarets female peers, there is a gap between what they say and what they do, what they are and what they appear to be. Did she plot against the crown? It was, Henry told him, proof that his marriage to Katharine was incestuous due to her previous marriage to his brother. Henry was negotiating a glorious marriage for Prince Arthur, to a daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella. Susan Higginbothams carefully written book comes with a misleading cover puff: At last, a biography of one of the most fascinating women of the Tudor period, who has too long been overlooked. In an effort to force their co-operation, Henry separated his wife and child, and Margaret who was Marys godmother offered to serve the young girl at her own expense. A painting in the National Portrait Gallery offers a grey-white face, long, guarded, medieval, remote: 'unknown woman, formerly known as Margaret Pole, Countess of Salisbury'. He dictated letter after letter. He had been shut up for most of his life and, one later chronicler said, could not discern a goose from a capon. But in late June she was back at court by the side of Queen Jane, and the king was looking forward to an era of peace and fertility. Nor make one step, as you shall see; Edward IV declared that Margaret's younger brother, Edward, should be known as Earl of Warwick as a courtesy title, but no peerage was ever created for him. Birth date: February 7, 1478. Her father, already Duke of Clarence, was then created Earl of Salisbury and of Warwick. More was not a man to be broken by prison, but he suffered physically. Get the best results here. On her wrist, emblematic, is a small barrel. Reginald Pole, (born March 3, 1500, Stourton Castle, Staffordshire, Eng.died Nov. 17, 1558, London), English prelate who broke with King Henry VIII over Henry's antipapal policies and later became a cardinal and a powerful figure in the government of the Roman Catholic queen Mary Tudor. She also had restored to her the title to the Earldom of Salisbury. More also engaged in a public war of words on the kings behalf with Martin Luther, the father of the Reformation. On June 26, a special commission was established to hear the case of Thomas More. Cecilys parents and Richards grandparents were Ralph Neville and, Siblings: 2 who died in infancy and a brother, Edward Plantagenet (February 25, 1475 - November 28, 1499), never married, imprisoned in the Tower of London, impersonated by Lambert Simnel, executed under Henry VII, Husband: Sir Richard Pole (married 1491-1494, perhaps on September 22, 1494; supporter ofHenry VII). Chapuys suggested to Emperor Charles V that Reginald marry Mary and combine their dynastic claims. The grave of Anne Boleyn. (Along with Margaret her sister-in-law Eleanor Pole was also a lady-in-waiting to Katherine. This is what Margaret is now, besides paper and ink, and the ruins of her palaces: pieces of breastbone and pelvis, a single finger bone and four vertebrae. And so he was. Margaret, Countess of Salisbury, was born at Farley Castle, near Bath, on 14th August, in or about the year 1473. When Henry began proceedings to annul his first marriage, when Catherine was discarded and the Princess Mary downgraded to Lady Mary, the kings daughter, Margaret proved fiercely loyal and protective. Thomas More is the "Man For All Seasons" in the title of the play. She answered that no crime had been imputed to her. The Editor The Imperial Ambassador, Eustace Chapuys, suggested two years later that Mary be handed over to Margaret, but Henry refused, calling her "a fool, of no experience". She was now one of the richest people in England. She was head of her family, a magnate with vast resources in men and money; any disaffection on her part was dangerous. A devoted Catholic, More refuses to sign Parliament's Act of Supremacy, which declares King Henry, and not the Pope, the Supreme Head of the new Church of England. 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