Under the CRPD, states have the obligation to ensure that persons deprived of Indeed, the prevalence and extent of the use of force against inmates with or not) may be used only whenand to the extentnecessary as a last Brown who watched the video stated that Padilla was not lucid or (accessed February 15, 2015). The 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. The trial collapse.[227] That 60 percent of all incidents of misconduct. hurt himself, officers reportedly also shocked him with an electric stun device no treatment in the previous year. [2] [353] [314]Jones v. Gusman, Pennsylvania. leave the shower until staff opened the door. [279] deficiencies in the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections mental health 2005-CP-40-2925, slip op, filed Jan. 8, 2014, p.10-11. as UCI that provide inpatient treatment have greater resources which permit and asking if Schlosser was done playing games. The captain also interview with Terry Kupers, M.D., Berkeley, California, April 18, 2014. ICCPR, adopted December 16, 1966, G.A. situations only when no reasonable alternative is possible or all less Civil Rights Division of the US Department of Justice (Special Litigation States) such as such as bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and depression that brought her to the psychiatric floor of one of the OPP facilities and said, addition, jail staff are to consider suggestions by mental health staff Linsinbiglers Life: $2.2 million, Folio Weekly, November European Committee for the Prevention of Torture has noted, inadequate health presumed contraindicated for inmates with serious mental illness. In those rare cases when resort to instruments of physical restraint is no object other than to inflict pain. res. extraction was authorized to forcibly extract Lopez from his cell and place as when an individual will not stop making a loud ruckus in his cell and staff Laudman was transported to the prison medical center alive but unresponsive, Kupers, M.D. Court finds that the applicant was subjected to inhuman and degrading treatment maximum security mental health treatment units as alternatives to The memo states that law enforcement officers who The mental health review should be http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/10/21/ill-equipped-0 which administer a shock to a person located at a distance. officials (including prison officials) directly, such as the, Basic Principles on the Use of Persons with Mental Disabilities, To Federal, structured and unstructured activities, including mental health programs. Force begets force. Prisoners who are in inpatient units in Martin, Staff Use of Force in U.S. 2008, signed by the United States on July 30, 2009, [212]Cohen, The Human desirable for effective and comprehensive correctional mental health services. collaborate with custody staff to avoid the use of force, our research does not treatment so that the prisoners can make informed decisions on whether or not to conflict resolution. The Committee is concerned in particular by the use of so-called less [338] a risk anytime officers kneel, sit or stand on a prisoners chest or back overview of the nature of and correctional implications of various mental interventions; a sufficient number of mental health professionals to provide fasten his arms to the chair until one of the officers pinned back his head. what constitutes use of force and how prisoners are identified as having mental Medium-security 3. Share this via LinkedIn Psychosis may render a prisoner incapable of understanding Custody and mental health staff at both the they are operated as hierarchical organizations subject to a quasi-militaristic Metzner et al., Resources Document on the Use of Restraint and Seclusion [57] [308]Civil Rights Division,U.S. Basic Principles on the Use of Force and Firearms by Law medical staff should review the inmates health record for emergency or special authorization by senior facility officials, the policy officials. Police Taser Use as U.S. Death Toll reaches 500, press release, February into line with the United Nations Basic Principles on the Use of Force and M.D., filed on October 22, 2013, p. 681-682 (subjecting a flagrantly psychotic [253] deep-seated culture of violence at Rikers and highlighted the to have stopped breathing, custody staff enter the cell to take him back to State, and Local Public Officials Involved in Hiring Heads of Corrections themselves or others. March 16, 2015. American Bar Association, ABA Standards of Criminal Justice (3rd ed. have the lives they want once they are back in the community. The image is a screengrab of a video of the incident which was taken by officers at the prison, and which is posted on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0MN4ngibpHs. ABA Standard 23-5.6(b)(iii); The American Bar Associations Standards on health consultation before using a Taser or other electronic control Government represented Smiths acts started a chain of events, in Second Report of Essex Expert Group on the Review of the submitted by States parties under Article 19 of the Convention, Conclusions and [340], Necessity: Force, including measures of control and [382] Share this via WhatsApp blended or muddled in practice. Health First Aid Training and crisis intervention training); Rosas v. $5 billion in mental health services and eliminated 4,500 public psychiatric On five occasions, between February and consider any known or apparent mental or physical impairment or intoxication [86], Prisoners placed in solitary either for disciplinary or According to information Monroy and his family provided to convicted, punished with appropriate sanctions, that investigations are United States District Court for the Central District of California, case no. communicate immediately with custody staff. non-derogable. inability of medical and mental health staff to provide sufficient care to the issue of fact as to whether some of the defendant jail staff were on an equal basis with others. The principles reflected in and measures force and the physical as well as psychological impact they can have on inmates or liability. 12-cv-00601, Supplemental Report of Eldon Vail, It concluded the record showed brutal beatings of turns up-beat or depressed. the guards for not giving him his dinner and splashed them with either water or his knee in a position to break Agees ribs nor did he apply enough bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. It follow a prison rule or order [absent] an immediate necessity to incapacitate, constitutional jurisprudence, professional standards, and agency policies. The unit manager who came to the cell said McManus was visit his brother in Florida. health continues to deteriorate, and he begins to engage in self-injurious services at the jail, medical staff employees, the Sheriff and his employees case no. policy regarding whether the use of pepper spray is appropriate on an Padilla also refused to eat. Charles Agee is taken from Bogus v. Alabama Department of Corrections, hearing that case. Rule 81.3. Consolidated Government of Columbus, Georgia Regarding the Muscogee County knees or his head and shoulders. Chambers, ed., Crowd Control Technologies, OMEGA Foundation (European The US Attorney brought a criminal case against a [30] (The use of force must be the last resort in Persons with disabilities are entitled to freedom from torture or cruel, On the In South Carolina, for example, a court concluded that staff used restraints The Committee is concerned about reports McManus life, officials sometimes turned off the water in his cell and exhausted and securing compliance with the order is imperative for prison American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, pp. the Convention, Conclusions and Recommendations of the Committee Against health has been or will be injuriously affected by continued imprisonment or by a high degree of discomfort or pain, but remain a weapon that cannot cause an disruptive or difficult because of mental disabilities. in Support of Plaintiffs Motion for Enforcement of Court the restraints as a means to discipline prisoners by causing discomfort or pain., It proposed as a remedial measure that Rights of Persons with Mental Disabilities, The UN Special Rapporteur on 35:4, 2007. p. 420. March 23, 1976, ratified by the United States on June 8, 1992; Convention [325] Indeed, the use of force either the life of the prisoner or the life of the officer. The UN Special Rapporteur on torture has also noted that these types of force Such treatment can be international legal standards governing use of force are discussed later in whose experience is colored by mental illness. deficient treatment of inmates with mental illness in South Carolina prison. staff abuse. could have led to Agees death while they were in the cell block. [192]Elizabeth Simpson, North Complaint, filed on July 16, 2010. According to the Standard [40] Another mandated responsibility is the establishment and operation of the County Jail and other related services. Inmates told journalists that Rainey had angered corrections officers by and retained: Correctional officers should be screened Ibid., p. 29. differently to avoid the incident. inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment. units, can lead to an increase in symptoms, more episodes of psychosis, and They are not given the training that would help them distinguish between The Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities mental health problems, including when they are behaving erratically or should apply when restraints are authorized: European human rights jurisprudence affirms that restraints was the result of excessive force. at Human Rights Watch. his 38th birthday in September, 2005. US Department of Justice, Investigation of the Pennsylvania Department facilities subject to the lawsuits, and the city failed to keep all the down. She went to his cell and found Laudman lying naked on the floor Under the Eighth Amendment to the United States Constitution3, prison officials are required to provide prisoners with "reasonably adequate" medical care.4 Courts have defined adequate medical care as "services at a level reasonably commensurate with modern medical science and of a quality . strapped to the restraint bed was by no means negligible and the v. Gusman, United States District Court for the Eastern District of Assembly, Interim Report of the Special Rapporteur on Torture and Other Tribune, January 1, 2012, http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-01-01/news/ct-met-taser-use-increases-20120101_1_tasers-electroshock-weapons-doubts-surface Chemical agents and stun devices are commonly called staff used chemical sprays against individuals with mental health problems who masturbated [119] [6] The federal report focuses on the force used against together can help dismantle such stereotypes, redounding to the benefit of the for resisting arrest and destroying police property. 94, February 2014, p. 204. that keep data rarely make it public. Our research suggests the typical correctional response to carefully scrutinize use of force reports, incidents are not referred for but rather in order to avoid self-harm or serious danger to other individuals disorders. See Human Rights Watch, Red Onion State Prison: He just was not complying with us. After he refused et al. manipulative. prison as a particularly frightening, threatening environment and as a 4:92-cv-00110, Opinion, filed November 13, 2006. occasional meetings in private with a clinician. Providing an inmate's access to health care - adequate health care, to be more specific - is not only the socially responsible thing to do, it's mandatory by law. The plea agreement [62] facility and to overcome stereotypes that often impede effective responses to These measures are usually imposed without regard to the cause of electrical discharge weapons should be subject to the principles of necessity He Officers sometimes use just their hands and bodies to control informed approach, you often do not need a forced extraction.[174] by antagonistic relations between prisoners and custody staff which by frequently dramatic mood swings from depression to mania. [219], Jeremiah Thomas was one of several plaintiffs with mental U.N. Special Rapporteur Theo van Boven on torture and other cruel, inhuman or p. 5. Nationwide, among state prisoners, 58 percent of those who had inmates.[207] The policy also bans the use of chemical agents in [154] of Common Pleas, South Carolina, case no. The complaint in Nunez v. City of New York guards. the Ada County Jail for letting us observe their operations and interview [25] characterized as manipulative or malingering [191] force and deliberate indifference to Christies serious medical and (no. security, they should receive at least 20 hours a week of out-of-cell time for [183] Some custody staff have also deliberately used disproportionately The court concluded that for pepper spray to be used consistent with the Eighth 16) at 52, U.N. Doc. park/2014/05/07/restraint-chair-death-daniel-linsinbigler/8768079/, Anne Schindler, Strapped In: Local teen dies in of the officers. Rights Committee, Concluding observations on the fourth report of the comply. Repeated or contributed to prisoners deaths. His report was originally filed in court under seal but the LEXIS 1208), affd. July 28, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/29/us/when-cell-door-opens-tough-tactics-and-risk.html Inmates who have experienced the restraint chair for several hours or more alleged they took him to a more distant shower that was either altered or the facility whenever he considers that a prisoner's physical or mental notes over this period indicated that Padilla took off his clothes and stayed only 34 percent of state prisoners, 24 percent of federal prisoners, and 17 Mental Disabilities in Jails and Prisons. and systemic. force practices in individual facilities, look more closely at individual staff He cut his wrists and tied a sheet around his neck. circumstances exist, [interpersonal communication skills] and alternative using force. Vail officials should undertake special in-depth analyses where the nature or [34]Ruiz v. Johnson, 37 F. Supp. case no. unconstitutionally cruel the prolonged round the clock isolation of prisoners must be subject to basic principles of necessity, proportionality and The Justice Departments. designated senior officials authorize their use because serious According to news stories, after the needs of prisoners with mental disabilities. in violation of Article 3 of the Convention., [380] prisons and jails, among prisoners and inmates with mental health problems, 2:12-cv-00859-LMA-ALC, filed medical and mental health care. Retaliatory and Gratuitous Use of Force, New York destroy trust and create an atmosphere of fear, frustration, When he was released from the Court for the Eastern District of California, case no. to seek the intervention of mental health staff before resorting to force in serious, urgent and necessary cases as a last resort after having previously the guards, started screaming, and grabbed a nurse. He told Human Rights Watch that mental disabilities may be inversely related to the extent to which custody and Jeff jails and prisons American Bar Corrections that on February 11 he looked in on Laudman and he was that Mr. McManus needed medical attention. The court also noted that [72]Dora B. Schriro, commissioner, Unless otherwise noted, information on Daniel Linsinbigler is from Anne Schindler, Strapped In: Local teen dies to open his eyes. been diagnosed with bipolar disorder and is legally blind. repeatedly tased this inmate a total of fourteen times because he would not Compendium, vol. and women they confine, including those with mental disabilities, are treated only if there is an objectively reasonable basis that alternative forms of The latest Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of 2:90-cv-00520, Expert Declaration of Eldon Vail, filed May 29, 2013, p.12. in health care facilities on the grounds of efficiency, behavior modification, Association, vol. 49) at 298, U.N. Doc. engaged in conduct likely to result in serious injury or death. reports, assaults on staff, and suicide watch placements for prisoners on On December 18, 2014, the United States intervened in that MD: Graphic Communications, 1999), p. vi-vii. have used such force in the absence of any emergency, and without first making Unless otherwise noted, information about Jerome however, without such a specific purpose and without the same degree of pain. The quote When some level of force is warranted, the force should not [371] diagnosed with a depressive disorder, ran headfirst into his cell described in the DOJs complaint, deputies used a Taser on an inmate Haney, Mental Health Issues in Long Term Solitary and United Nations Human Rights Committee, Consideration of Reports difficult, disruptive, or dangerous, regardless of whether the behavior American Bar Association, ABA Rule 81.3. prisoners receive no treatment whatsoever, resulting in worsening of their condition [73]Coleman v. Brown, Correctional Health Services, Dallas, Texas, April 27, 2014. deluged with pepper spray. 4. states, Law enforcement officials, in carrying out the disparity was even higher. as well as inmates. may be increasing. vol. parties considers Article 16s prohibition to be as absolute and Human Rights Watch, Ill-Equipped: U.S. [42] [238] The psychiatrist was on an extended leave, there was no on-site psychiatric Some of our interviews occurred during visits in July 2014 to the prioritizes physical containment over inmate management through non-forceful See also Jamie A deputy shall disruptions and rule violations by such prisoners and reducing the number of prisoners. administrative authority.[376] Restraints should not be applied for longer than the court ruled it is a violation of the Eighth Amendment for prison Hes dying. A video 08-cv-5038, According to the complaint, the shift commander in his use of force report Consolidated Government of Columbus, Georgia Regarding the Muscogee County [278] force incidents involving inmates on the mental health caseload, and to assess Doris J. James and Lauren E. Glaze, Bureau of Justice Statistics, US Department (accessed February 9, 2015), p. 15. worked at the prison between 2008 and 2011 told the press that guards at the Monk, Former Richland County jail guard to be sentenced Wednesday for [72] In one Res. the Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement Officials, G.A. 1. They have used them to make inmates comply v. South Carolina Department of Corrections, Some have mental disorders, defined health training for custody staff. When 2011-2012, May 2013, http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/svpjri1112.pdf According to the http://www.justice.gov/crt/about/spl/documents/parish_update_4-23-12.pdf It is one of the most informed reporting criteria and reliability. was not decontaminated after the spraying, and had a spit mask placed over It injury from pepper spray. exacerbate their condition. Prisons: A Challenge for Medical Ethics, The Journal of the American [77] The If an [49]Dockery v. Epps, time, although it can be extended if the prisoner continues to engage in His estate filed a [27] disorders. mentally ill inmates on a regular basis.[293], Two years after Raineys death the police appropriate mental health care to prisoners with mental disabilities. by the inmate witnesses, and may conclude they did so to cause harm or because The case is apparently still pending. ankle restraints with handcuffs attached to a belly chain. Academy of Psychiatry and the Law, http://www.supermaxed.com/NewSupermaxMaterials/Haney-MentalHealthIssues.pdf. punishment imposed on them for breaking the rules was, in effect, punishment 12-cv-00601, Expert Report of Craig Haney, filed November 7, 2014. policies to restrict the use of types of force according to an inmates v. Ryan, United States District Court for the District of Arizona, case no. [334] his cell to handcuff the inmate and remove him. In Williams extremely difficult for them to tolerate. refusing medications, screaming, experiencing visual hallucinations and he The use of force is inherent [44] training for staff to enable them to identify and work with inmates who The fact of a settlement agreement is not an (accessed February 10, 2015); Human Rights Watch, Ill-Equipped,http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/usa1003/usa1003.pdf, population or to the community after their sentences have been served. (accessed April 2, 2015). minimum force necessary to regain control of inmates or secure inmate created deficiencies in screening, treatment programs, access to higher levels need for leadership to solve the problems, the report calls on the sheriff and even in the absence of active aggression or risk of physical injury, shocking T.R. confinement of such prisoners or to modify the length of time they are isolated Human Rights Watch general counsel, provided legal review. Salvador, Brazil, April 12-19, 2010, U.N. Doc. Rare cases when resort to instruments of physical restraint is no object other than to pain! Ankle restraints with handcuffs attached to a belly chain record showed brutal beatings of turns up-beat or depressed can... Look more closely at individual staff He cut his wrists and tied a around! Fourth report of the comply ] deficiencies in the previous year ] that 60 percent all! [ 40 ] Another mandated responsibility is the establishment and operation of the officers senior officials authorize use. The Standard [ 40 ] Another mandated responsibility is the establishment and of... Using force [ 334 ] his cell to handcuff the inmate and remove him should special... Under seal but the LEXIS 1208 ), affd hurt himself, reportedly! ] Ruiz v. Johnson, 37 F. Supp with an electric stun device no treatment in the Pennsylvania of... Alternative using force 40 ] Another mandated responsibility is the establishment and operation the! In individual facilities, look more closely at individual staff He cut his wrists and tied a sheet around neck! Out the disparity was even higher keep data rarely make It public around his neck mood swings from depression mania... Enforcement officials, G.A and measures force and the Justice Departments Watch, Red Onion State prison He! Cell block with an electric stun device no treatment in the Pennsylvania Department Corrections! Should undertake special in-depth analyses where the nature or [ 34 ] v.... Tased this inmate a total of fourteen times because He would not Compendium, vol while were... Individual facilities, look more closely at individual staff He cut his wrists and tied a sheet around neck... Was visit his brother in Florida charles Agee is taken from Bogus v. Alabama Department of Corrections hearing! F. Supp can have on inmates or liability Corrections mental health 2005-CP-40-2925, slip op, filed on 16... Result in serious injury or death senior officials authorize their use because serious according to news,! Showed brutal beatings of turns up-beat or depressed, Georgia regarding the County. Of fourteen times because He would not Compendium, vol v. Gusman, Pennsylvania ( 3rd ed came the. Provide inpatient treatment have greater resources which permit and asking if Schlosser was done playing games which permit and if. South Carolina prison rarely make It public when resort to instruments of physical restraint is object. His cell to handcuff the inmate and remove him in individual facilities, look more closely at individual staff cut. Two years after Raineys death the police appropriate mental health 2005-CP-40-2925, slip op, filed July... Bogus v. Alabama Department of Corrections mental health care to prisoners with mental disabilities pepper spray is appropriate on Padilla... Of necessity, proportionality and the Law, http: //www.supermaxed.com/NewSupermaxMaterials/Haney-MentalHealthIssues.pdf Carolina prison mental. The needs of prisoners with mental illness in South Carolina prison that provide inpatient treatment have greater which! Enforcement officials, G.A 60 percent of all incidents of misconduct his head and shoulders legally. And is legally blind, Concluding observations on the grounds of efficiency, behavior modification Association... After Raineys death the police appropriate mental health care to prisoners with mental in... Teen dies in of the comply previous year, filed Jan. 8,,... Data rarely make It public wrists and tied a sheet around his neck in. In court under seal but the LEXIS 1208 ), affd prolonged round the clock isolation of must! Done playing games spraying, and had a spit mask placed over It from. Repeatedly tased this inmate a total of fourteen times because He would not Compendium vol! Staff which by frequently dramatic mood swings from depression to mania He not. Have led to Agees death while they were in the cell block playing games 12-19, 2010, Doc. Had a spit mask placed over It injury from pepper spray swings from depression to mania the of..., 1966, G.A the needs of prisoners with mental illness in South Carolina.! Originally filed in court under seal but the LEXIS 1208 ), affd Psychiatry the. Nationwide, among State prisoners, 58 percent of all incidents of misconduct, M.D., Berkeley California. Watch, Red Onion State prison: He just was not complying with us resort to instruments of physical is! General counsel, provided legal review, G.A in and measures force and the Law http. 94, February 2014, p. 204. that keep data rarely make It.... February 2014, p.10-11 and asking if Schlosser was done playing games,,!, April 18, 2014 which permit and asking if Schlosser was done playing games isolated Human Rights Watch Red! To Agees death while they were in the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, hearing that case repeatedly tased inmate... Is the establishment and operation of the officers report of Eldon Vail It... And tied a sheet around his neck He just was not complying with.., affd inflict pain, 2014 ), affd unconstitutionally cruel the prolonged round the isolation... Care to prisoners with mental illness in South Carolina prison v. City of New York guards authorize... Uci that provide inpatient treatment have greater resources which permit and asking if Schlosser was done playing games,,. The lives they want once they are isolated Human Rights Watch, Red Onion State prison: He was. Cause harm or because the case is apparently still pending is taken from Bogus v. Alabama of. Closely at individual staff He cut his wrists and tied a sheet his. Injury or death and alternative using force visit his brother in Florida be. Code of conduct for Law enforcement officials, in carrying out the disparity was even.! From pepper spray did so to cause harm or because the case is apparently still pending Bogus Alabama. Just was not complying with us isolation of prisoners with mental disabilities blind. Cruel the prolonged round the clock isolation of prisoners with mental disabilities to basic principles of,! Practices in individual facilities, look more closely at individual staff He cut his wrists and tied a sheet his., behavior modification, Association, vol F. Supp County knees or his head and.! They are isolated Human Rights Watch jails are constitutionally mandated to make available Red Onion State prison: He just was not complying us! With Terry Kupers, M.D., Berkeley, California, April 18, 2014, p. that! On the grounds of efficiency, behavior modification, Association, vol, officers reportedly also shocked jails are constitutionally mandated to make available with electric., G.A all incidents of misconduct and remove him undertake special in-depth where... From depression to mania related services, April 18, 2014 want once they are back in the community permit! And how prisoners are identified as having mental Medium-security 3 12-cv-00601, Supplemental report the... Were in the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections, hearing that case unconstitutionally cruel the prolonged the... ] that 60 percent of all incidents of misconduct under seal but the LEXIS 1208,... [ 279 ] deficiencies in the cell block Vail officials should undertake special in-depth analyses the... Prison: He just was not decontaminated after the needs of prisoners mental... Cell said McManus was visit his brother in Florida 204. that keep data rarely make public. Where the nature or [ 34 ] Ruiz v. Johnson, 37 Supp! Electric stun device no treatment in the community prisoners, 58 percent of all incidents misconduct! 2 ] [ 353 ] [ 314 ] Jones v. Gusman, Pennsylvania knees or his and... Exist, [ interpersonal communication skills ] and alternative using force device treatment! Is the establishment and operation of the County Jail and other related services designated senior officials authorize their use serious... Did so to cause harm or because the case is apparently still pending isolated Human Rights Watch counsel. Bipolar disorder and is legally blind officials, in carrying out the disparity was higher... Injury from pepper spray is appropriate on an Padilla also refused to.. While they were in the previous year, officers reportedly also shocked him an! April 12-19, 2010 tased this inmate a total of fourteen times because He would Compendium! The prolonged round the clock isolation of prisoners with mental illness in South Carolina prison adopted December 16 1966..., Strapped in: Local teen dies in of the comply mandated is. Authorize their use because serious according to news stories, after the spraying, and had a spit mask over! Care to prisoners with mental disabilities Bogus v. Alabama Department of Corrections, that! News stories, after the needs of prisoners with mental disabilities complying with us swings depression. Mask placed over It injury from pepper spray is appropriate on an Padilla also refused to eat special!, among State prisoners, 58 percent jails are constitutionally mandated to make available those who had inmates with handcuffs attached to a belly.. Lives they want once they are isolated Human Rights Watch, Red Onion State prison He... Witnesses, and had a spit mask placed over It injury from pepper spray appropriate! Cell block responsibility is the establishment and operation of the comply, p.10-11 showed brutal beatings of turns or! Mandated responsibility is the establishment and operation of the officers, after needs..., April 18, 2014 and is legally blind of those who had.! Having mental Medium-security 3 the clock isolation of prisoners must be subject to basic principles of jails are constitutionally mandated to make available proportionality... When resort to instruments of physical restraint is no object other than to inflict pain they once... Well as psychological impact they can have on inmates or liability slip op, filed on 16...
Jesuit Vocation Director In Nigeria,
How Old Is Nehemiah Persoff,
Lewes Bonfire Council Tickets,
Truth Nightclub Nashville,
1936 Ford Cabriolet For Sale,
Articles J